Submissions

Author Guidelines

Manuscripts should be submitted to the Editorial office of Ee-JRIF via e-mail: editor.Ee-JRIF@bdu.edu.et or getnet.belay@bdu.edu.et. A letter signed corresponding authors declaring that the manuscript has not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere should accompany the manuscript including brief description of potential application of the research work. All authors should state that they have agreed to its submission and are responsible for its contents. This statement should preferably be signed by all authors while corresponding authors’ is the must. The cover letter should also indicate the name and address of the corresponding author.

Article content and format

Manuscripts should be written in English and typed sigle-spaced, on A4 size pages, with margins of 1.75 cm on each side of the paper (top, bottom, left, and right sides). A font size of 12 points (Times New Roman) should be used throughout. The major sections of the manuscript such as Title page, Abstract, Key words, Introduction, Materials and Methods/Experimental, Results and Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements, References. The subsections should be aligned left, with font size of 12 in bold face.  The title should be centered and bold at the top of page with font size of 14.

• All pages in papers must be numbered consecutively. The main text should be typed flush left with no indents and 1.5 lines spaced. Insert one return between paragraphs, and a double return between paper title, and authors' names and addresses on the first page.
• Research papers should not exceed 7,500 words in length, including Figures, Tables and References, and should not contain more than 10 Figures and/or Tables.
• Review papers (critical and comprehensive reviews that provide new insights or interpretation of the subject through thorough and systematic evaluation of available evidence) may be longer than Research Papers if appropriate, and subject to the Editor's agreement.
• Short Communications (fully documented, interpreted accounts of significant findings of original research) should not exceed 2,500 words including Figures, Tables and References. Short communications must report completed work. They must have an abstract and references, but the main body of the text does not have to follow the Introduction - Method - Results - Discussion format.
• Manuscripts for full length Research articles (Research papers and Review papers) should be divided into the following sections (in this order): Title page; Abstract, Key words; Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements, References, Tables (each table complete with title and footnotes on a separate page) and illustrations and figures.

 Title Page

The title page should provide the title of the manuscript, full name (s), institutional affiliations and e-mail address of the corresponding author. It should also indicate the fax and telephone numbers of the corresponding author about the manuscript. Non-standard abbreviations should be avoided within the title.

Abstract

The abstract of the manuscript should not exceed 250 words. The abstract should briefly describe the problem and the objectives of the study, how the study was performed, the main findings and major conclusions and recommendations.  Avoid using non-standard abbreviations and references in the abstract.

Key Words

After the abstract, authors should provide 3 to 6 key words or phrases that will be used for indexing purpose.

Introduction

The introduction should clearly state the background to the research. Include a summary of a search of the literature to indicate why the study was necessary and what it aimed to contribute to the field. This section should indicate statement of what is being reported in the article and the objectives of the work. The introduction should not exceed two pages. Avoid a detailed literature survey and summary of results.

Materials and Methods

The materials and methods section should include materials, the sampling procedures, measurements, data collection and analysis. Provide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should be described. For studies involving human and animal participants a statement detailing ethical approval and consent should be included in the methods section.

Results and Discussion

The results and discussion may be combined into a single section or presented separately. Present the major findings of the study in the text, tables, illustrations and figures relate the observations to other relevant studies and indicate possible practical implications including implications for future research. Do not repeat the data in the tables, illustrations and figures in the text all. Emphasize or summarize only important observations.

Conclusions

This should state clearly the main conclusions of the research and give a clear explanation of their importance and relevance.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledge anyone who did substantial contributions to author’s acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data, or who was involved in drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content, but who does not meet the criteria for authorship. Please also include the source (s) of funding and also acknowledge anyone who contributed materials essential to the study.

References

Citation in text

Ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. Citation of a reference as 'in press' implies that the item has been accepted for publication.

References should be cited in the text as follows:

• Single author: the author's last name (without initials, unless there is ambiguity) and the year of publication e.g. (Williams, 2013), which should be cited in full i.e. the first name followed by grand father’s name.
• Two authors: both authors' names and the year of publication e.g. (Williams and David, 2013).
• Three or more authors: first author's name followed by ‘ et al.' and the year of publication e.g. Williams et al., 2013).
• Citations of groups of references should be listed first chronologically then, alphabetically. Example (Girma Adugna et al., 2000; Girma Adugna et al., 2001; CABI, 2003; Girma Adugna, 2004; Oduor et al., 2004).
• More than one reference from the same author(s) in the same year must be identified by the letters 'a', 'b', 'c', etc., placed after the year of publication. Examples: 'as demonstrated (Allan, 2000a; Allan, 2000b, Allan, 1999; Allan and Jones, 1999). Kramer et al. (2010) have recently shown ....' According to Berdy (1995), around 11,900 antibiotics had been discovered by 1994.

      Reference style

The references should be arranged alphabetically by author’s last name then chronologically per author. Publications by the same author (s) in the same year should be listed by year followed by the letters a. b. c. etc. (e.g. Girma Adugna et al., 2000a; Girma Adugna et al., 2000b, Girma Adugna  et al., 2000c).

     Journal article

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), title of the article (sentence case), abbreviation of journal (in italic font), volume, issue/number (in parenthesis), and page numbers in full range.

Examples: 

Shukla, G.K. (1972). Some statistical aspects of partitioning genotype-environmental components of variability. Heredity 29 (issue): 237-245.

Tamire, G and Mengistou, S. (2013). Zooplankton community grazing rates in a small crater lake: Lake Kuriftu, Ethiopia. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 36 (1): 1-18.

Zobel, W.R., Wright, W.J. and Gauch (Jr.), J.H. (1988). Statistical analysis of a yield trial.

Agronomy Journal 80 (issue): 388-393.

For a book

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), Title of the book (bold font), publisher and place of publication, Country.

Example:

Steel, R. G. and Torrie, J. H. (1980).Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.

Pages in a publication prepared by one or more editors:

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), Title of the publication, Name of the publication (Bold font), pages, Editors (in parenthesis), Publisher, Place of publication, Country.

Example:

Lechevalier, M.P. and Lechevalier, H.A. (1980). The chemotaxonomy of Actinomycetes.

In: Actinomycete Taxonomy, Society for Industrial Microbiology, pp. 227-291 (Dietz, X. and Thayer, Y., eds.). Arlington, VA, USA.

Proceedings

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), Title of the publication, Name of the proceeding (Bold font), pages, Place (City/town, Country). 

Example:

Eshetu Derso, Teame Geberzgi and Girma Adugna (2000). Significance of minor diseases of Coffea Arabica in Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Control of Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) in Ethiopia, pp. 35-46, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

For a Thesis

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), Title of the thesis, type (MSc or PhD), University, Country.

Example:

Alberts, M.J.A. (2004). A Comparison of Statistical Methods to Describe Genotype X Environment Interaction and Yield Stability in Multi-location Maize Trials. M. Sc. Thesis, University of the Free State, South Africa.

Web references

The full URL should be given and the date when the reference was last accessed should be included. Any further information, if known (journal, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given.

Toni, R.L. and Culvert, L.L. (2003). Safer Hospital Stay and Reducing Hospital-Born Infection. Health Scout News. http://www. healthscout.com, (Accessed January 9, 2010).

Dorji, D., Dendup, T., Malaty, H.M., Wangchuk, K., Yangzom, D and Richter, D.J. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Bhutan: The role of environment and geographic location. Helicobacter 2013, doi: 10.1111/hel.12088. (Accessed September 23, 2013).

Patent

Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Publication). Title. Patent Number.

Example:

Stratasys, Inc., (1989). Apparatus and Method for Creating Three-dimensional Objects.. US5121329.

Kassiou, M, Jorgensen, W, Munoz, L & The University of Sydney 2018, Anti-cancer compounds, 2018900315.

      Tables, Figures and Scientific Measurements

Tables, figures and illustrations should be of reproducible quality, include comprehensive captions and not duplicate material presented in the text. Tables should bear Arabic numerals and be referred to in the text by their numbers e.g. Table 1. Vertical lines should not be used to separate columns; instead extra space should be left between the columns. Avoid internal vertical or horizontal lines in tables. Footnotes in tables should be indicated by superscript letters beginning with 'a' in each table. Descriptive material not designated as a footnote may be placed under a table as a NOTE.

Figures should be numbered as figures in sequence with Arabic numerals e.g. Figure 1. Each figure should have a descriptive legend. All illustrations, tables and figures must be cited consecutively in the text and placed within the text at appropriate points rather than at the end.

Internationally acceptable units can be used to describe scientific measurements. Symbols and nomenclatures should conform to international recommendations with respect to specific fields of specialization.

Author’s Affiliation

The author’s affiliation should be indicated in a footnote marked by an asterisk and not by an Arabic number. Authors should refer to themselves in the third person throughout the text. It is possible also to use first person.

Headings

Manuscript shall have an abstract, introduction and the body arranged in a logically organized headings and sub-headings. Major words in titles are capitalized, bold times roman and caps after colon. Abstract should be single paragraph and no reference is needed. Headings in the various sections of the manuscript shall be aligned to the left margin of the page and shall be as follows:

Italicization: All non- English words must be italicized.

Emphasis: To indicate emphasis use italics.

Quotations: Quotation marks in the block should appear as they normally do. Quotations of less than forty words should be in quotation marks and not indented from the text. Regarding alterations in quotation use: Square bracket ‘’ [ ] ’’ to note any change in the quoted material; Ellipses ‘’…’’ to indicate omitted material; ‘’ [sic] ’’ to indicate mistake in the original quote.