Water Resources: Potential, Utilization, Challenges, and Management Strategies in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A systematic Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20372/pjet.v4i1.2958Keywords:
Amhara region, Climate, Water resource; Water utilization; Water managementAbstract
This review paper provides a systematic assessment of the water resource potential, utilization patterns, and management practices in Ethiopia’s Amhara Region. It addresses four key research questions: (1) What is the extent of Amhara's water resource potential and current utilization? (2) What are the major obstacles to sustainable water management? (3) What opportunities exist to enhance water resource management? (4) Where are the critical research gaps, especially in agricultural water use? Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive literature review was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed data bases covering publications from 2010 to 2024. The keywords used for relevant literature included Amhara, water resources, irrigation, and hydropower. Out of 1,000 screened publications, 201 met inclusion criteria for thematic analysis. The region holds an estimated 54.4 billion m³ of surface water and 2.6 billion m³ of groundwater annually, yet less than 5% is utilized. The major challenges which limited the utilization include declining rainfall (−3.2 mm/year), rising temperatures (+0.28°C/decade), underdeveloped irrigation (<10% of 900,000 ha potential), weak institutional capacity, and ecological threats such as water hyacinth. The review highlights the need for technological innovation, institutional reform, and community engagement are very crucial interventions to address the challenges and ensure sustainable water security and agricultural productivity in the Amhara Region.
References
Abera, Abebech, Niko E. C. Verhoest, Seifu Tilahun, Hilary Inyang, and Jan Nyssen. 2021. ‘Assessment of Irrigation Expansion and Implications for Water Resources by Using RS and GIS Techniques in the Lake Tana Basin of Ethiopia’. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 193(1). doi:10.1007/S10661-020-08778-1.
Adgo Bahir, Enyew, and M. Zainul Abedin. 2006. Farmers Innovations in Agricultural Water Management: Traditional Irrigation Practices in Amhara Region, Ethiopia Climate-Smart Agriculture View Project BDU-IUC Project 6 == Socioeconomics, Sustainable Livelihood and Environmental Management in Northwest .
Alayu, E., and Z. Yirgu. 2018. ‘Advanced Technologies for the Treatment of Wastewaters from Agro-Processing Industries and Cogeneration of by-Products: A Case of Slaughterhouse, Dairy and Beverage Industries’. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 15(7):1581–96. doi:10.1007/S13762-017-1522-9.
Alemayehu, Arragaw, Molla Maru, Woldeamlak Bewket, and Mohammed Assen. 2020a. ‘Spatiotemporal Variability and Trends in Rainfall and Temperature in Alwero Watershed, Western Ethiopia’. Environmental Systems Research 9(1). doi:10.1186/s40068-020-00184-3.
Alemayehu, Kefyalew, and Addis Getu. 2016a. ‘Impacts of Climate Variability on Livestock Population Dynamics and Breed Distribution Patterns in Selected Districts of Western Amhara, Ethiopia’. Animal Genetic Resources/Ressources Génétiques Animales/Recursos Genéticos Animales 59. doi:10.1017/s2078633616000230.
Alemayehu, Meron Asmamaw, Muluken Chanie Agimas, Daniel Alayu Shewaye, Nebiyu Mekonnen Derseh, and Fantu Mamo Aragaw. 2023a. ‘Spatial Distribution and Determinants of Limited Access to Improved Drinking Water Service among Households in Ethiopia Based on the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey: Spatial and Multilevel Analyses’. Frontiers in Water 5. doi:10.3389/frwa.2023.1166733.
Alemie, Bayinessagn T., Dessalew T. Defersha, Aniley T. Tesfaye, and Michael M. Moges. 2023. ‘Physical Performance of Small-Scale Irrigation Scheme: A Case Study of Tilku Fetam Irrigation Scheme, Awi Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia’. Sustainable Water Resources Management 9(1). doi:10.1007/s40899-022-00789-9.
Altherr, Forest M., Andrew W. Nute, Mulat Zerihun, Eshetu Sata, Aisha E. P. Stewart, Demelash Gessese, Berhanu Melak, Tigist Astale, Gedefaw Ayenew, E. Kelly Callahan, Melsew Chanyalew, Bizuayehu Gashaw, Lance A. Waller, Zerihun Tadesse, and Scott D. Nash. 2019. ‘Associations between Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and Trachoma Clustering at Aggregate Spatial Scales, Amhara, Ethiopia’. Parasites and Vectors 12(1). doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3790-3.
Amare, Abebe. 2019. ‘Corporate Environmental Responsibility in Ethiopia: A Case Study of the Akaki River Basin’. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 5(1):57–66. doi:10.1080/20964129.2019.1573107.
Amsalu, Yeshaneh, and Arega Mulu. 2025. ‘Performance Evaluation of Irrigation Scheme at Dimama Angerf Abay, Awi Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia’. Discover Water 2025 5:1 5(1):1–25. doi:10.1007/S43832-025-00224-Y.
Andualem, Tesfa Gebrie, Girum Getachew Demeke, Imran Ahmed, Mithas Ahmad Dar, and Mesenbet Yibeltal. 2021a. ‘Groundwater Recharge Estimation Using Empirical Methods from Rainfall and Streamflow Records’. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 37. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100917.
Asaye, Tilahun Sewagegn, Zerihun Yohannes Amare, Belayneh Birku Geremew, and Mekonen Getachew Abebe. 2025. ‘Rainfall Variability and Trends in Western Amhara: Implication for Sustainable Water Management and Agricultural Productivity’. Water Practice and Technology 20(2):449–67. doi:10.2166/WPT.2025.023/1538241/WPT2025023.PDF.
Assegide, Endaweke, Tena Alamirew, Haimanote Bayabil, Yihun T. Dile, Bezaye Tessema, and Gete Zeleke. 2022a. ‘Impacts of Surface Water Quality in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia: A Systematic Review’. Frontiers in Water 3:790900. doi:10.3389/FRWA.2021.790900/BIBTEX.
Awulachew, Seleshi B., Teklu Erkossa, Vladimir Smakhtin, and Ashra Fernando. n.d. ‘Improved Water and Land Management in the Ethiopian Highlands: Its Impact on Downstream Stakeholders Dependent on the Blue Nile Intermediate Results Dissemination Workshop’. doi:10.3910/2009.201/river.
Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele. 2010. ‘Irrigation Potential in Ethiopia Constraints and Opportunities for Enhancing Irrigation Potential in Ethiopia Constraints and Opportunities for Enhancing the System International Water Management Institute Teklu Erkossa and Regassa E . Namara’. ResearchGate 1(January):60.
Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana, and Alanirew Tena. 2007. Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia. Vol. Working Pa.
Ayalew, Dessalegn Worku, Tirusew Asefa, Mamaru Ayalew Moges, and Sileshie Mesfin Leyew. 2022a. ‘Evaluating the Potential Impact of Climate Change on the Hydrology of Ribb Catchment, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia’. Journal of Water and Climate Change 13(1):190–205. doi:10.2166/wcc.2021.049.
Ayele, Elias Gebeyehu, Esayas Tesfaye Ergete, and Getachew Bereta Geremew. 2024. ‘Predicting the Peak Flow and Assessing the Hydrologic Hazard of the Kessem Dam, Ethiopia Using Machine Learning and Risk Management Centre-Reservoir Frequency Analysis Software’. Journal of Water and Climate Change 15(2):370–91. doi:10.2166/WCC.2024.320.
Bagyaraj, M, Alemayehu Tenaw Mengistie, G. Gnanachandrasamy, and Bedassa Gemechu. 2019. ‘Data of Remote Sensing and GIS - to Demarcate the Potential Sector of Groundwater in Debre Berhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia’. Data in Brief 26. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2019.104542.
Bantider, Amare, Bamlaku Tadesse, Adey Nigatu Mersha, Gete Zeleke, Taye Alemayehu, Mohsen Nagheeby, and Jaime Amezaga. 2023. ‘Voices in Shaping Water Governance: Exploring Discourses in the Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia’. Water (Switzerland) 15(4):803. doi:10.3390/W15040803/S1.
Behailu, TW, … TS Badessa ‘Analysis of Physical and Chemical Parameters in Ground Water Consumed within Konso Area, Southwestern Ethiopia’. Academicjournals.Org.
Bekele, Tilaye Worku, Alemseged Tamiru Haile, Mark A. Trigg, and Claire L. Walsh. 2022. ‘Evaluating a New Method of Remote Sensing for Flood Mapping in the Urban and Peri-Urban Areas: Applied to Addis Ababa and the Akaki Catchment in Ethiopia’. Natural Hazards Research 2(2):97–110. doi:10.1016/j.nhres.2022.03.001.
Bekele, Wagayehu, and Lars Drake. 2003. ‘Soil and Water Conservation Decision Behavior of Subsistence Farmers in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia: A Case Study of the Hunde-Lafto Area’. Ecological Economics 46(3):437–51. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00166-6.
Belete, Amsalu, Moges Wubneh Abate, Adane Birhanu Nigat, Agimasie Tigabu, Berihun Bantie, Gebrie Kassaw Yirga, Chalie Marew Tiruneh, Tigabu Desie Emiru, Nigusie Selomon Tibebu, Getasew Legas, Sintayehu Asnakew, Belete Gelaw Walle, Moges Yinges Yitayew, Simegnew Kibret, and Kassa Abebaw Tesema. 2023. ‘The Magnitude of Common Mental Illness and Associated Factors among Adult Holy Water Users in Amhara Regional State Orthodox Tewahido Churches, Ethiopia, 2021’. BMC Psychiatry 23(1). doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04524-2.
Berhanu, Belete, Yilma Seleshi, and Assefa M. Melesse. 2014. ‘Surface Water and Groundwater Resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and Challenges of Water Resources Development’. Pp. 97–117 in Nile River Basin: Ecohydrological Challenges, Climate Change and Hydropolitics. Vol. 9783319027. Springer International Publishing.
Berhanu, Daniel, Tena Alamirew, Woldeamlak Bewket, Temesgen Gashaw Tarkegn, Gete Zeleke, Amare Haileslassie, Greg O’Donnell, Claire L. Walsh, and Solomon Gebrehiwot. 2025. ‘Evaluation of CMIP6 Models in Simulating Seasonal Extreme Precipitation over Ethiopia’. Weather and Climate Extremes 47. doi:10.1016/J.WACE.2025.100752.
Bewket, W., and E. Teferi. 2009. ‘Assessment of Soil Erosion Hazard and Prioritization for Treatment at the Watershed Level: Case Study in the Chemoga Watershed, Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia’. Land Degradation and Development 20(6):609–22. doi:10.1002/LDR.944.
Bezabih, Addisu Worku. 2021a. ‘Evaluation of Small Hydropower Plant at Ribb Irrigation Dam in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia’. Environmental Systems Research 10(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s40068-020-00196-z.
Biazin, Birhanu, Geert Sterk, Melesse Temesgen, Abdu Abdulkedir, and Leo Stroosnijder. 2012. ‘Rainwater Harvesting and Management in Rainfed Agricultural Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa - A Review’. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 47–48:139–51. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2011.08.015.
Bilal, Mohammed. 2024. ‘PRESENT AND FUTURE CHALLENGES OF WATER RESOURCE MANEGEMANT IN ETHIOPIA’.
BIRHANU, ASFAW. 2017. ‘GIS-BASED SURFACE IRRIGATION POTENTIAL ASSSESSMENT OF DIRMA WATERSHED, DEMBIA WEREDA, NORTH GONDER ZONE, ETHIOPIA’. doi:10.20372/NADRE:3317.
Birhanu, Eyosias. 2023a. ‘Reviewing Assessment of Surface Water Potential and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia: Opportuni-Ties and Challenges in Harnessing Water Resources for Agricultural Development’. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.16151.75686.
Chew, Jhanel F., Laura Corlin, Fernando Ona, Sarah Pinto, Esther Fenyi-Baah, Bernard G. Osei, and David M. Gute. 2019. ‘Water Source Preferences and Water Quality Perceptions among Women in the Eastern Region, Ghana: A Grounded Theory Study’. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(20). doi:10.3390/ijerph16203835.
Damtew, Yohannes Tefera, and Abraham Geremew. 2020. ‘Households with Unimproved Water Sources in Ethiopia: Spatial Variation and Point-of-Use Treatment Based on 2016 Demographic and Health Survey’. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 25(1). doi:10.1186/s12199-020-00921-1.
Danbauchi Sanchi, Ishaq. n.d. Understanding the Principles of Pastoralism in Nigeria.
Dar, Bahir. 2016. ‘Amhara National Regional State Water Resources Development Bureau (BOWRD) Feasibility Study and Detail Design Of Sideyni Intake Small-Scale Irrigation Project Volume VI: Environmental Impact Assessment Draft Final Report’.
Daru, Getasew, Degsew Melak, Wondim Awoke, and Sinkie Alemu. 2023. ‘Farmers’ Participation in Small-Scale Irrigation in Amhara Region, Ethiopia’. Cogent Economics and Finance 11(1). doi:10.1080/23322039.2023.2213951.
Degefu, Mekonnen Amberber, and Wubshet Asefa. 2024. ‘Municipal Solid Waste Management Practices and Sanitary Landfill Site Selection Using the AHP Approach for Emerging Industrial Zones’. Environmental Systems Research 13(1). doi:10.1186/s40068-024-00387-y.
Dereje Ayalew. 2012. ‘Variability of Rainfall and Its Current Trend in Amhara Region, Ethiopia’. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEEARCH 7(10). doi:10.5897/ajar11.698.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Water Resources National Meteorological Services Agency. 2001.
Gebrehiwot, Solomon Gebreyohannis, Annemieke I. Gärdenäs, Woldeamlak Bewket, Jan Seibert, Ulrik Ilstedt, and Kevin Bishop. 2014. ‘The Long-Term Hydrology of East Africa’s Water Tower: Statistical Change Detection in the Watersheds of the Abbay Basin’. Regional Environmental Change 14(1):321–31. doi:10.1007/s10113-013-0491-x.
Gebrehiwot, Tagel, and Anne van der Veen. 2021. ‘Farmers’ Drought Experience, Risk Perceptions, and Behavioural Intentions for Adaptation: Evidence from Ethiopia’. Climate and Development 13(6):493–502. doi:10.1080/17565529.2020.1806776.
Gebrekidan, Tsegay Kahsay, Niguse Gebru Weldemariam, Hagos Degefa Hidru, Gebremariam Gebrezgabher Gebremedhin, and Abraha Kahsay Weldemariam. 2024a. ‘Impact of Improper Municipal Solid Waste Management on Fostering One Health Approach in Ethiopia — Challenges and Opportunities: A Systematic Review’. Science in One Health 3.
Gelagay, Habtamu Sewnet, and Amare Sewnet Minale. 2016. ‘Soil Loss Estimation Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques: A Case of Koga Watershed, Northwestern Ethiopia’. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 4(2):126–36. doi:10.1016/j.iswcr.2016.01.002.
Genet Tassew, Bitew. 2013b. ‘Status of Small-Scale Irrigation Projects in Amhara Region, Ethiopia’. Nile Basin Water Science & Engineering Journal 6.
Geremew, Abraham, and Yohannes Tefera Damtew. 2020. ‘Household Water Treatment Using Adequate Methods in Sub-Saharan Countries: Evidence from 2013–2016 Demographic and Health Surveys’. Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10(1):66–75. doi:10.2166/washdev.2019.107.
Getahun, Mekonnen, and Yihenew G. Selassie. 2013. ‘Pollution of Water, Soil and Vegetables: Challenges to Growing Cities of Bahir Dar and Kombolcha, Amhara Region, Ethiopia’. Journal of Agricultural Science 5(9):22–28. doi:10.5539/jas.v5n9p22.
Getahun, Yitea Seneshaw, Abrha Ybeyn Gebremedhn, Estifanos Lemma, Fikrey Tesfay, and Solomon Ayele Tadesse. 2023. ‘Surface Irrigation Potential Assessment of Chacha River Watershed, Jemma Subbasin of Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia’. Frontiers in Environmental Science 11:1129716. doi:10.3389/FENVS.2023.1129716/BIBTEX.
Gizaw, Habtamu D., and Daniel G. Eshete. 2022. Assessment of Water Productivity for Small Scale Irrigation Schemes under Drip and Furrow Methods at Hormat-Golina Small Scale Irrigation Scheme, East Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Vol. 13.
Gobeze, Ageritu, Tassisa Kaba, Molla Tefera, Tsegu Lijalem, Mulugeta Legesse, Flipos Engdaw, Mengistu Mulu, Walelign Wubet, Ayal Adugna, and Atnafu Guadie. 2023a. ‘Evaluation of Water Quality of Angereb Reservoir: A Chemometrics Approach’. Applied Water Science 13(4):1–12. doi:10.1007/s13201-023-01909-2.
Guche, Mamo Shara, Getachew Bereta Geremew, and Elias Gebeyehu Ayele. 2024a. ‘GIS?Based Soil Erosion Dynamics Modeling by RUSLE at Watershed Level in Hare Watershed, Rift Valley Basin, Ethiopia’ edited by V. Senapathi. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2024(1). doi:10.1155/2024/9916448.
Haile, Kaleab K., Nyasha Tirivayi, and Wondimagegn Tesfaye. 2019. ‘Farmers’ Willingness to Accept Payments for Ecosystem Services on Agricultural Land: The Case of Climate-Smart Agroforestry in Ethiopia’. Ecosystem Services 39. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100964.
Haile, Molla. n.d. Assessment of Locally Available Feed Resources and Feeding Package Development for Ruminants in Selected Watersheds of North Western Amhara Region.
Halefom, Afera, Ermias Sisay, Tesfa Worku, Deepak Khare, Mihret Dananto, and Kannan Narayanan. 2018. ‘Precipitation and Runoff Modelling in Megech Watershed, Tana Basin, Amhara Region of Ethiopia’. American Journal of Environmental Engineering 8(3):45–53. doi:10.5923/j.ajee.20180803.01.
Jewaro, awol kedir, and ibrahim diler. 2021. ‘the state of water management in ethiopia: problems and solution approaches. acta aquatica turcica 17(4):556–68. doi:10.22392/actaquatr.915819.
Jjemba, Eddie. 2021. Climate Change Impacts on Health and Livelihoods: Ethiopia Assessment, April 2021. Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, Addis Ababa. Supported by the Finnish Red Cross, Norwegian Red Cross, and IFRC Africa Regional Office.
Kassegne, Alemnew Berhanu, and Seyoum Leta. 2020. ‘Assessment of Physicochemical and Bacteriological Water Quality of Drinking Water in Ankober District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia’. Cogent Environmental Science 6(1). doi:10.1080/23311843.2020.1791461.
Kassie, Abere Wondimu, and Sintayehu Workineh Mengistu. 2022. ‘Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Proportion of Unimproved Drinking Water Sources in Rural Ethiopia: Evidence from Ethiopian Socioeconomic Surveys (2011 to 2019)’. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022. doi:10.1155/2022/2968756.
Kassie, Menale, Moti Jaleta, Bekele Shiferaw, Frank Mmbando, and Mulugetta Mekuria. 2013. ‘Adoption of Interrelated Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Smallholder Systems: Evidence from Rural Tanzania’. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 80(3):525–40. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2012.08.007.
Kitessa, Bedassa Dessalegn, Semu Moges Ayalew, Geremew Sahilu Gebrie, and Solomon T/mariam Teferi. 2021. ‘Assessing the Supply for a Basic Urban Service Demand-with a Focus on Water-Energy Management in Addis Ababa City’ edited by B. Xue. PLOS ONE 16(9):e0249643. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249643.
Leggesse, Elias Sime, Walelign Ayaliew Derseh, Fasikaw Atanaw Zimale, Seifu Admasu Tilahun, and Mengiste Abate Meshesha. 2024. ‘Urban Flash Flood Hazard Mapping Using Machine Learning, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia’. Journal of Hydroinformatics 26(9):2124–45. doi:10.2166/HYDRO.2024.277.
Masha, Mamush, Elias Bojago, and Mengie Belayneh. 2023. ‘Assessing the Impacts of Soil and Water Conservation Practices on Soil Physicochemical Properties in Contrasting Slope Landscapes of Southern Ethiopia’. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 14. doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100876.
Mekbeb, Shiferaw Solomon. 2012. Impact of Irrigation Technologies on Rural Households’ Poverty Status: The Case of Fogera District, South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. Saarbrücken: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN: 978-3-659-23092-9.
Mekonnen, and Z.T Amsalu. 2018. ‘Causes and Impacts of Shankila River Water Pollution in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.’ Environ Risk Assess Remediat 2(4):21–30.
Melsew, :, and Yibeyin Mekonnen. graduate studies program assessment of farmer’s vulnerability to climate vari-ability: a case study in enarji enawuga district, amha-ra region, ethiopia msc. Thesis ‘Environment and Natural Resource Management’.
Mengistu, Fekadu, and Engdawork Assefa. 2020. ‘Towards Sustaining Watershed Management Practices in Ethiopia: A Synthesis of Local Perception, Community Participation, Adoption and Livelihoods’. Environmental Science and Policy 112:414–30. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2020.06.019.
Mera, Getachew Alem. 2018a. ‘Drought and Its Impacts in Ethiopia’. Weather and Climate Extremes 22:24–35.
Meresa, Hadush K., and Mulusew T. Gatachew. 2019. ‘Climate Change Impact on River Flow Extremes in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin’. Journal of Water and Climate Change 10(4):759–81.
Mersha, Adey Nigatu, Charlotte De Fraiture, Abraham Mehari, Ilyas Masih, and Tena Alamirew. 2016. ‘Integrated Water Resources Management: Contrasting Principles, Policy, and Practice, Awash River Basin, Ethiopia’. Water Policy 18(2):335–54. doi:10.2166/WP.2015.049.
Mesfin, Sileshie, Anwar Assefa Adem, Arega Mullu, and Assefa M. Melesse. 2021. ‘Historical Trend Analysis of Rainfall in Amhara National Regional State’. in Springer Geography.
Mideksa, Babu, Gezahegn Muluken, and Ndemo Eric. 2023. ‘The Impact of Soil and Water Conservation Practices on Food Security in Eastern Ethiopia. A Propensity Score Matching Approach’. Agricultural Water Management 289. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108510.
Mohammed, Awol Ali. 2024. ‘The Strategic Significance of Ethiopia’s Hydroelectric Energy Exports on Horn of Africa Regional Integration’. International Journal of River Basin Management. doi:10.1080/15715124.2024.2308205.
Mohammed, Yimer, Fantaw Yimer, Menfese Tadesse, and Kindie Tesfaye. 2018a. ‘Meteorological Drought Assessment in North East Highlands of Ethiopia’. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10(1):142–60. doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-12-2016-0179.
Mola Shako, Gashahun, and Fang Ping. 2021. ‘Ethiopia Water Resources Quantitative Potentials, Management Issues and Challenges. A Literature Review Article Paper’. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 11(2):67–74. doi:10.29322/ijsrp.11.02.2021.p11008.
Obsi Gemeda, Dessalegn, Diriba Korecha, and Weyessa Garedew. 2023. ‘Determinants of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Existing Barriers in Southwestern Parts of Ethiopia’. Climate Services 30:100376. doi:10.1016/J.CLISER.2023.100376.
Tace, Youness, Mohamed Tabaa, Sanaa Elfilali, Cherkaoui Leghris, Hassna Bensag, and Eric Renault. 2022. ‘Smart Irrigation System Based on IoT and Machine Learning’. Energy Reports 8:1025–36. doi:10.1016/J.EGYR.2022.07.088.
Tadesse, Abebe, Techane Bosona, and Girma Gebresenbet. 2013. ‘Rural Water Supply Management and Sustainability: The Case of Adama Area, Ethiopia’. Journal of Water Resource and Protection 05(02):208–21. doi:10.4236/jwarp.2013.52022.
Taye, Gebeyehu, Jean Poesen, Bas Van Wesemael, Matthias Vanmaercke, Daniel Teka, Jozef Deckers, Tom Goosse, Willem Maetens, Jan Nyssen, Vincent Hallet, and Nigussie Haregeweyn. 2013. ‘Effects of Land Use, Slope Gradient, and Soil and Water Conservation Structures on Runoff and Soil Loss in Semi-Arid Northern Ethiopia’. Physical Geography 34(3):236–59. doi:10.1080/02723646.2013.832098.
Teferi, Ermias, Tibebu Kassawmar, Woldeamlak Bewket, Gete Zeleke, Gebiaw T. Ayele, Greg O’Donnell, and Claire Walsh. 2025. ‘Rainfed Agriculture in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review of Green Water Management Pathways to Improve Water and Food Security’. Frontiers in Agronomy 7.
Temesgen Tesfaye, Fekadu. n.d.-b. Effects of Rainfall Variability on River Discharge in Dawa River Basin, Southern Ethiopia. Vol. 07.
Teweldebrihan, Meseret Dawit, and Megersa Olumana Dinla. 2024. ‘Assessing the Impact of Water Resource Development: The Case of Dhidhessa River Basin, Ethiopia’. in E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 590. EDP Sciences.
Tikuye, Birhan Getachew, Ram L. Ray, Busnur Manjunatha, Gebrekidan Worku Tefera, and Sanjita Gurau. 2025. ‘Drought Monitoring Using the Climate Hazards InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) in Ethiopia’. Natural Hazards Research. doi:10.1016/J.NHRES.2024.12.002.
Wakjira, Mosisa Tujuba. n.d. Understanding the Impacts of Climate Variability and Change on Rainfed Crop Production in Ethiopia.
Wolka, Kebede, Jan Mulder, and Birhanu Biazin. 2018. ‘Effects of Soil and Water Conservation Techniques on Crop Yield, Runoff and Soil Loss in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review’. Agricultural Water Management 207:67–79. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2018.05.016.
Worku, Melese, and Samuel Sahile. 2017. ‘Impact of Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia Crassipes (Martius) (Pontederiaceae) in Lake Tana Ethiopia: A Review’. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development 09(01). doi:10.4172/2155-9546.1000520.
Worqlul, Abeyou W., Amy S. Collick, David G. Rossiter, Simon Langan, and Tammo S. Steenhuis. 2015. ‘Assessment of Surface Water Irrigation Potential in the Ethiopian Highlands: The Lake Tana Basin’. Catena 129:76–85. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2015.02.020.
Wossen, Tesfamicheal, Thomas Berger, and Salvatore Di Falco. 2015. ‘Social Capital, Risk Preference and Adoption of Improved Farm Land Management Practices in Ethiopia’. Agricultural Economics (United Kingdom) 46(1):81–97. doi:10.1111/AGEC.12142.
Yohannes, Degol Fissahaye, C. J. Ritsema, H. Solomon, J. Froebrich, and J. C. van Dam. 2017. ‘Irrigation Water Management: Farmers’ Practices, Perceptions and Adaptations at Gumselassa Irrigation Scheme, North Ethiopia’. Agricultural Water Management 191:16–28. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2017.05.009.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Poly Journal of Engineering and Technology (PJET)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
