á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´áŠ“ á‹¨á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆ­á‰µ á‹áŒ¤á‰µ á‰°á‹›áˆá‹¶

áˆ›áˆ¨á‹ á‹“áˆˆáˆ™

doi:10.20372/ejlcc.v1i2.365

Authors

áˆ›áˆ¨á‹ á‹“áˆˆáˆ™ á‰ á‰£áˆ•áˆ á‹³áˆ á‹©áŠ’á‰¨áˆáˆ²á‰²á£ áˆ‚á‹©áˆ›áŠ’á‰²áˆµ á‹áŠ©áˆá‰²á£ á‰ áŠ¢á‰µá‹®áŒµá‹« á‰‹áŠ•á‰‹á‹Žá‰½áŠ“ áˆ¥áŠáŒ½áˆ‘á - áŠ áˆ›áˆáŠ› á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆá‰µ áŠááˆ á‰°á‰£á‰£áˆª á•áˆ®áŒáˆ°áˆ

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20372/ejlcc.v1i2.365

Abstract

á‹áˆ… áŒ¥áŠ“á‰µ á‰ áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´áŠ“ á‰ á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆá‰µ á‹áŒ¤á‰µ áˆ˜áŠ«áŠ¨áˆ á‹«áˆˆá‹áŠ• á‰°á‹›áˆá‹¶ á‹áˆ˜áˆ¨áˆáˆ«áˆá¡á¡ á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´ (áŒáˆá‰¥á£ áŒ¥áˆá‰…áŠ“ á‹áŒ¤á‰µá‰°áŠ®áˆ)á£ á†á‰³áŠ“ á‹¨á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆá‰µ á‹áŒ¤á‰µ á‹¨áŒ¥áŠ“á‰± á‹‹áŠ“ á‹‹áŠ“ á‰°áˆ‹á‹áŒ¦á‹Žá‰½ áŠ“á‰¸á‹á¡á¡ á‹¨áŒ¥áŠ“á‰± á‰°áˆ³á‰³áŠá‹Žá‰½ á‰ á‰£áˆ•áˆá‹³áˆ á‹©áŠ’á‰¨áˆáˆ²á‰² á‰ áŠ¢á‰µá‹®áŒµá‹« á‰‹áŠ•á‰‹(á‹Žá‰½) áŠ¥áŠ“ áˆµáŠáŒ½áˆ‘á-áŠ áˆ›áˆáŠ› á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆá‰µ áŠááˆ á‰ 2007 á‹“.áˆ. á‰ áˆ˜á‹°á‰ áŠ›á‹ áˆ˜áˆáˆáŒá‰¥áˆ á‹¨áˆ˜áŒ€áˆ˜áˆªá‹« á‹²áŒáˆª á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆá‰³á‰¸á‹áŠ• á‹«áŒ áŠ“á‰€á‰ (áˆ´á‰µ 31á£ á‹ˆáŠ•á‹µ 32) 63 á‰°áˆ›áˆªá‹Žá‰½ áŠ“á‰¸á‹á¡á¡ á‹¨áŒ¥áŠ“á‰± áˆ˜áˆ¨áŒƒá‹Žá‰½ á‰ áˆ˜áˆ›áˆ áˆ‚á‹°á‰µ áˆ˜áŒ á‹á‰…áŠ“ áŠ¨á‰°áˆ›áˆªá‹Žá‰½ á‹¨áŒáˆ áˆ›áˆ…á‹°áˆ á‰°áˆ°á‰¥áˆµá‰ á‹‹áˆá¡á¡ á‹¨áŒ¥áŠ“á‰± áˆµáˆá‰µ á‰°á‹›áˆá‹·á‹Š áˆ²áˆ†áŠ•á£ á‰ á‹šáˆ…áˆ á‰ á‰°áˆ›áˆªá‹Žá‰½ á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´áŠ“ á‰ á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆá‰µ á‹áŒ¤á‰µ áˆ˜áŠ«áŠ¨áˆ á‹«áˆˆá‹ á‰°á‹›áˆá‹¶ á‰°áˆá‰µáˆ¿áˆá¡á¡ áŒˆáˆ‹áŒ áˆµá‰³á‰µáˆµá‰²áŠáˆµá£ á‰£áˆˆáˆáˆˆá‰µ áŠ“áˆ™áŠ“ á‰²-á‰´áˆµá‰µá£ á‹¨á‹³áŒáˆ áˆáŠ¬á‰µ áˆá‹á‹á‰µ á‰µáŠ•á‰°áŠ“á£ á’áˆáˆ°áŠ• á‹¨á‰°á‹›áˆá‹¶ áˆ˜á‹ˆáˆ°áŠ›áŠ“ á‰€áˆ‹áˆ á‹µáŠ…áˆ¨á‰µ á‰µáŠ•á‰°áŠ“ á‹¨áŒ¥áŠ“á‰±áŠ• áˆ˜áˆ¨áŒƒá‹Žá‰½ áŠ¨áˆ˜áˆ áˆ¨á‰³á‹Š áŒ¥á‹«á‰„á‹Žá‰½ áŠ áŠ•áŒ»áˆ áˆˆáˆ˜á‰°áŠ•á‰°áŠ• á‰°áŒá‰£áˆ«á‹Š áˆ†áŠá‹‹áˆá¡á¡ á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´á‹Žá‰½áŠ• áŠ áŒ á‰ƒá‰€áˆ á‰ á‰°áˆ˜áˆˆáŠ¨á‰° á‰°áˆ›áˆªá‹Žá‰½ áˆˆáˆ¦áˆµá‰±áˆ áŠ¥áŠ©áˆ á‰µáŠ©áˆ¨á‰µ áŠ¥áŠ•á‹°áˆŒáˆ‹á‰¸á‹ á‹¨áŒ¥áŠ“á‰± á‹áŒ¤á‰µ áŠ áˆ˜áˆ‹áŠá‰·áˆá¡á¡ áŠ¨áˆáˆ‰áˆ á‹«áŠáˆ° á‰µáŠ©áˆ¨á‰µ á‹«áˆˆá‹ áŒáˆá‰¥ á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´ áˆ²áˆ†áŠ•á£ áŒ¥áˆá‰…áŠ“ á‹áŒ¤á‰µá‰°áŠ®áˆ á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´á‹Žá‰½ áŒáŠ• á‰ áŠ áŠ•áŒ»áˆ«á‹ŠáŠá‰µ áŠ¨áá‰°áŠ› á‰µáŠ©áˆ¨á‰µ áŠ¥áŠ•á‹°á‰°áˆ°áŒ£á‰¸á‹ á‹áŒ¤á‰± áŠ áˆ³á‹á‰·áˆá¡á¡ á‹áˆáŠ• áŠ¥áŠ•áŒ… á‹áˆ… á‹áŒ¤á‰µ á‹¨áˆáˆˆá‰±áŠ• á‰°áˆ‹á‹áŒ¦á‹Žá‰½ á‰°á‹›áˆá‹¶ á‰ á‰°áˆ˜áˆˆáŠ¨á‰° á‰ á‰€áˆ‹áˆ á‹µáŠ…áˆ¨á‰µ á‰µáŠ•á‰°áŠ“ áŠ¨á‰°áŒˆáŠ˜á‹ á‹áŒ¤á‰µ áŒ‹áˆ áˆ™áˆ‰ á‰ áˆ™áˆ‰ á‹¨áˆšá‹°áŒ‹áŒˆá áŠ á‹á‹°áˆˆáˆá¡á¡ á‰ áŒ¥áŠ“á‰± á‹áŒ¤á‰µ áˆ˜áˆ áˆ¨á‰µ á‰ áŒáˆá‰¥áŠ“ á‰ á‹áŒ¤á‰µá‰°áŠ®áˆ á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´á‹Žá‰½áŠ“ á‰ á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆá‰µ á‹áŒ¤á‰µ áˆ˜áŠ«áŠ¨áˆ á‰ á‰…á‹°áˆá‰°áŠ¨á‰°áˆ áŒ‰áˆáˆ… áŠ áˆ‰á‰³á‹ŠáŠ“ áŠ á‹ŽáŠ•á‰³á‹Š á‰°á‹›áˆá‹¶ á‰³á‹á‰·áˆá¤ á‰ á‰€áˆ‹áˆ á‹µáŠ…áˆ¨á‰µ á‰µáŠ•á‰°áŠ“ á‹¨á‰°áŒˆáŠ˜á‹ á‹áŒ¤á‰µáˆ á‹áˆ…áŠ•áŠ‘ á‹¨áˆšá‹«áŒ áŠ“áŠáˆ áŠá‹á¡á¡ áŠáŒˆáˆáŒáŠ• á‰ áŒ¥áˆá‰… á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´áŠ“ á‰ á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆá‰µ á‹áŒ¤á‰µ áˆ˜áŠ«áŠ¨áˆ á‰ áˆµá‰³á‰µáˆµá‰²áŠáˆµ áŒ‰áˆáˆ… áŠ á‹ŽáŠ•á‰³á‹Š á‰°á‹›áˆá‹¶ á‹¨á‰³á‹¨ á‰¢áˆ†áŠ•áˆá£ áŒ¥áˆá‰… á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´ á‹¨á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆá‰µ á‹áŒ¤á‰µáŠ• á‰ áˆ˜á‰°áŠ•á‰ á‹ áˆ¨áŒˆá‹µ áŒ‰áˆáˆ… á‹µáˆáˆ» áŠ¥áŠ•á‹°áˆŒáˆˆá‹ á‹¨áŒ¥áŠ“á‰± á‹áŒ¤á‰µ áŠ áˆ³á‹á‰·áˆá¡á¡ áŒáˆá‰¥ á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´áˆ á‹¨á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆá‰µ á‹áŒ¤á‰µ á‰°áŠ•á‰£á‹ á‰¢áˆ†áŠ•áˆá£ á‰µáŠ•á‰ á‹«á‹ áŒáŠ• áŠ áˆ‰á‰³á‹Š áŠá‹á¡á¡ á‹¨á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆá‰µ á‹áŒ¤á‰µ áŠ á‹ŽáŠ•á‰³á‹Š á‰°áŠ•á‰£á‹ á‹¨áˆ†áŠá‹ á‹áŒ¤á‰µá‰°áŠ®áˆ á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´áˆ á‰µáŠ•á‰ á‹«á‹ á‹°áŠ«áˆ› áŠá‹á¡á¡ á‹¨áŒ¥áŠ“á‰± áˆŒáˆ‹áŠ›á‹ á‰µáŠ©áˆ¨á‰µ á‹¨á‰°áˆ›áˆªá‹Žá‰½ á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´ á‰ á†á‰³ áˆá‹©áŠá‰µ áŠ¥áŠ•á‹³áˆˆá‹ áˆ˜áˆá‰°áˆ½ áŠá‰ áˆá¡á¡ á‰ á‹šáˆ…áˆ á‹¨á‰°áˆ›áˆªá‹Žá‰½ á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´ á‰ á†á‰³ áˆá‹©áŠá‰µ áŠ¥áŠ•á‹°áˆŒáˆˆá‹áŠ“ á‹áˆ…áˆ á‰ áˆµá‰³á‰µáˆµá‰²áŠáˆµ áŒ‰áˆáˆ… áˆ˜áˆ†áŠ‘áŠ• á‹¨áŒ¥áŠ“á‰± á‹áŒ¤á‰µ áŠ áˆ³á‹á‰·áˆá¡á¡ á‰ áˆ˜áŒ¨áˆ¨áˆ»áˆ á‹¨áŒ¥áŠ“á‰± á‹áŒ¤á‰µ á‰ áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´áŠ“ á‰ á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆá‰µ á‹áŒ¤á‰µ áˆ˜áŠ«áŠ¨áˆ á‰°á‹›áˆá‹¶ áˆ˜áŠ–áˆ©áŠ• á‹«áˆ˜áˆ‹áŠ¨á‰±á‰µáŠ• á‹¨á‰€á‹°áˆá‰µ áˆáˆáˆáˆ®á‰½ á‹µáˆáˆ³áŠ“á‰µ á‹¨áˆšá‹°áŒá á‰£áˆˆáˆ˜áˆ†áŠ‘ áˆŒáˆŽá‰½ á‰°á‹›áˆ›áŒ… á‰°áˆ‹á‹áŒ¦á‹Žá‰½áŠ• áŠ¨áŒáˆá‰µ á‰ áˆ›áˆµáŒˆá‰£á‰µ á‹ˆá‹°áŠá‰µ á‰°áŒ¨áˆ›áˆª á‰°áŠ¨á‰³á‰³á‹ áŒ¥áŠ“á‰µ áˆ›á‹µáˆ¨áŒ áŠ áˆµáˆáˆ‹áŒŠ áŠ¥áŠ•á‹°áˆ†áŠ á‰°áŒ á‰áˆŸáˆá¡á¡

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á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´áŠ“ á‹¨á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆá‰µ á‹áŒ¤á‰µ á‰°á‹›áˆá‹¶

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á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´áŠ“ á‹¨á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆ­á‰µ á‹áŒ¤á‰µ á‰°á‹›áˆá‹¶

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á‹¨áˆ˜áˆ›áˆªá‹« á‹˜á‹´áŠ“ á‹¨á‰µáˆáˆ…áˆá‰µ á‹áŒ¤á‰µ á‰°á‹›áˆá‹¶